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Title: BIOL310 Modeling asthma - can that cause death?

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Assignment Goals
Source Material
Student Instructions
Guiding Questions
Writing Prompt
Calibrations and Answer Keys

Assignment Goals

This assignment will help you sort out your understanding of diffusion and bulk flow as two separate processes, both of which influence gas exchange in the human respiratory system. You will construct a clear understanding of the structures and functions in the respiratory system as you explore various models showing how asthma causes pathological function.

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Source Material

Consult your textbook to learn about both normal lung function and asthma. It will be important to study your lecture notes and the reading assignment before you construct your paragraph. Be sure you understand each of the terms you are to use before you write your answer to the problem.

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Source Material Resources:
Respiratory system overview - assignment resource
URL: http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/respiration.html
Lung anatomy and lung disease resources - Canadian Lung Association resources
URL: http://www.lung.ca/copd/anatomy/normal.html
Ventilation - Definitions and background information
URL: http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/anaes/lectures/ventilation_clt/ventilation.html
Ventilation and endurance performance - Good explanations describing ventilation within a context for athletic training.
URL: http://www.krs.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm

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Student Instructions

Refer to the Internet resources to help you make sense of your text and lecture notes. Then write several drafts using the vocabulary to respond to the problem before you actually submit your text.

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Guiding Questions

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Writing Prompt

Students in a nursing program were assigned the task to model a health disability for one day. Two students decided to model asthma. Both pinched their noses shut with a nose clip. One decided to breathe only through a straw from McDonald’s all day. That straw was narrow and about 15 inches long (38 cm long by 0.7 cm in diameter). The other breathed through a 6 foot long vacuum cleaner hose (2 m long by 3 cm diameter).

Use these terms in your answer: bulk flow, dead space, partial pressure gradient, bronchoconstriction, airway resistance, hypercapnia, hypoxia.

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Calibrations and Answer Keys
High Quality Calibration
Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronchoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.

1. Does the paragraph show that the student understands that bulk flow is reduced due to increased airway resistance in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
2. Does the paragraph explain that a partial pressure gradient is required to maintain diffusion of gas in to or out of the blood?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
3. Dead space is a problem with the vacuum hose model that will cause the student to re-breathe the same air over and over. Does the student show awareness that increased dead space is a problem with the hose model?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
4. Does the student point out that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at representing bronchoconstriction?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
5. Does the student show that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at demonstrating the increased airway resistance that occurs in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
6. Hypercapnia occurs when carbon dioxide is retained in the body. Does the writing make this clear?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
7. Hypoxia happens when blood oxygen is reduced. Does this student make it clear that all three examples might cause hypoxia?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : Both models reflect asthma, but in different ways. The straw model is like asthma because of the increased airway resistance. The narrow straw will be like trying to breathe through airways that are narrowed by bronshoconstriction. The hose model is like asthma because of the increased amount of dead space. Even though the hose will not increase resistance to bulk flow of the air, attaching a hose to the breathing space is similar to the increased residual volume and increased dead space that occurs in response to bronchoconstriction when asthmatics fail to expire much of the air from the lungs. Both models reduce the partial pressure gradients required for diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. Both students will get hypercapnia because they cannot get rid of carbon dioxide in the lungs. Both students will get hypoxia. In one case, the hose has too much dead space causing re-breathing of the same air, and this prevents ventilation with fresh air. In the other case, hypoxia will occur due to resistance to bulk flow of the air caused by the straw, just as restricted airways reduce bulk air flow in asthma.
8. Are there spelling errors?
None
Some (1 or 2)
Many (more than 2)
Answer: None
Feedback : none
9. Is the essay grammatically polished and free of language errors?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : The grammar and language are fine.
10. Is the response organized using a structure that establishes links or relationships among all the ideas?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : The paragraph compares the two treatments in an organized manner.
11. How would you rate this text?
10 Highest
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Lowest
Rating: 9
Feedback : none

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Mid Quality Calibration
The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.

1. Does the paragraph show that the student understands that bulk flow is reduced due to increased airway resistance in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
2. Does the paragraph explain that a partial pressure gradient is required to maintain diffusion of gas in to or out of the blood?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
3. Dead space is a problem with the vacuum hose model that will cause the student to re-breathe the same air over and over. Does the student show awareness that increased dead space is a problem with the hose model?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
4. Does the student point out that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at representing bronchoconstriction?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
5. Does the student show that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at demonstrating the increased airway resistance that occurs in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
6. Hypercapnia occurs when carbon dioxide is retained in the body. Does the writing make this clear?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
7. Hypoxia happens when blood oxygen is reduced. Does this student make it clear that all three examples might cause hypoxia?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The hose is a better model of asthma, even though the hose is long and allows air to be breathed normally. The problem is that the carbon dioxide will not be released because of the long hose. As a result, there will be no partial pressure gradient for carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the lungs, and the student will get hypercapnia, just as asthma patients get hypercapnia. Asthma results in accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood due to the inability to exhale completely. The carbon dioxide cannot escape the lungs, causing an increase in the blood carbonic acid, so the blood pH will drop. This happens with the hose model, too, because the great amount of dead space in the vacuum hose is like the increased residual volume of air in the lungs that happens when airway resistance increases due to bronchoconstriction with asthma. Asthma patients cannot breathe out the bulk flow of air in the lungs, so they get hypoxia when they can’t breathe in new air.
8. Are there spelling errors?
None
Some (1 or 2)
Many (more than 2)
Answer: None
Feedback : none
9. Is the essay grammatically polished and free of language errors?

Yes
No

Answer: Yes
Feedback : No serious problems with language or grammar. The points the author has made are clear.
10. Is the response organized using a structure that establishes links or relationships among all the ideas?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The carbon dioxide problems dealt with as the subject for most of the essay has not been related to hypoxia, mentioned only in the last sentence.
11. How would you rate this text?
10 Highest
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Lowest
Rating: 6
Feedback : This answer does a good job of addressing problems associated with breathing through the vaccuum hose, but does not address consequences of breathing through a narrow straw (decreased radius of lumen causing increased resistance to airflow, just as bronchoconstriction increases airflow resistance and work of breathing).

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Low Quality Calibration
Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.

1. Does the paragraph show that the student understands that bulk flow is reduced due to increased airway resistance in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
2. Does the paragraph explain that a partial pressure gradient is required to maintain diffusion of gas in to or out of the blood?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day. More water vapor will not actually change the pressure gradient since the air is saturated with water vapor in the alveoli.
3. Dead space is a problem with the vacuum hose model that will cause the student to re-breathe the same air over and over. Does the student show awareness that increased dead space is a problem with the hose model?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day. In reality, the hose increases dead space more than the straw.
4. Does the student point out that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at representing bronchoconstriction?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
5. Does the student show that the straw model is better than the vacuum hose model at demonstrating the increased airway resistance that occurs in asthma?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
6. Hypercapnia occurs when carbon dioxide is retained in the body. Does the writing make this clear?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
7. Hypoxia happens when blood oxygen is reduced. Does this student make it clear that all three examples might cause hypoxia?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Most people breathe through their noses rather than through their mouths due to the ease of ventilation. Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. But breathing through a straw or a hose does not cause a true obstruction. Asthma patients will get hypoxia and hypercapnia because of the obstruction that makes them wheeze when they breathe. Neither student will be wheezing, so these are not good models of asthma. Neither the straw nor the hose will cause bronchoconstriction or airway resistance. The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
8. Are there spelling errors?
None
Some (1 or 2)
Many (more than 2)
Answer: None
Feedback : none
9. Is the essay grammatically polished and free of language errors?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : Two of the sentences are long and complex, making the ideas difficult to follow: Breathing through a straw or a hose may be discomforting, and due to the vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air, because breathing may be more moist than usual. ...and..... The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner and will have to give up breathing through a straw before the end of the day.
10. Is the response organized using a structure that establishes links or relationships among all the ideas?

Yes
No

Answer: No
Feedback : The relationships among the ideas in the following quotes was not established: vapors in the hose, will reduce the partial pressure gradient of air....and....The bulk flow of air will be less with the straw model, however, increasing the dead space, so the model with the vacuum hose will last the entire day, while the student who breathed through a straw will become uncomfortable sooner
11. How would you rate this text?
10 Highest
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Lowest
Rating: 3
Feedback : This text does not address the key terms or major concepts within the context of asthma and lung function.

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